Swimming has been known since pre-historic times. From the pictures that come from the discovery of a stone age caves for the swimmers near Wadi Sora southwest Egypt. In Japan, bathing is the ability to be possessed by the samurai. History records, the first pool match held by the Emperor Suigui in 36 BC.
Pool matches for the title has been started in Europe about 1800 and mostly using breaststroke. Freestyle was first introduced by Arthur Trudgen. This force then began to be combined with the kicking leg styles by Richard Cavill in 1902. In the Middle Ages, including swimming in the seven skills that must be owned by the knights, including swimming with weapons.
Sports pool was first contested in modern Olympic Games 1896 in Athens, Greece. At these Olympics, only four numbers which contested the six numbers from the original plan. Each of these is the 100 meters, 500 meters, 1,200 meters, free numbers, and 100 meters for the sailors. Second Olympics held in Paris, France in 1900 and bring into the 200 m, 1,000 m, 4,000 m, free number, 200 m breaststroke, and 200 m team event number.
Unity Centre International (Federation Internationale De De Natation Amateur / FINA) was formed in 1908 originally set, butterfly style is a variation of the breaststroke. This new style into a separate style in 1952. The new woman allowed to take part in the Olympic pool match in 1912 in Stockholm, The Netherlands.
Freestyle, which was then called the trudgen, introduced in 1973 by John Arthur Trudgen, copying from the Native Americans. Swimming was part of the first modern Olympic games in Athens in 1896. In 1902 the trudgen updated by Richard Cavill, using the jolt shook. In 1908, the world swimming association, the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA / Federation Internationale de Natation de Amateur) was formed. Butterfly style first is a variation of the breaststroke, until finally he was accepted as a separate style in 1952.
Modern Olympic Era after 1896
Olympic Games held in 1896 in Athens. Specific competition of men (see also swimming in the summer Olympics in 1896). Six matches have been planned, but only four were actually held: 100 m, 500 m and 1200 m freestyle and 100 m for sailors. The first gold medal was won by Alfred Hajos of Hungary with a time of 1:22:20 for the 100 m freestyle.
Hajos won the game also 1200 m, and unable to win at 500 m, which was won by Paul Neumann of Australia. Another swimming competition of 100m for sailors included three Greek sailors in the Bay of Zea near Piraeus, starting with a boat oar. The winner was Ioannis Malokinis with a record time of two minutes and 20 seconds. 1500 m race was also held.
In 1897 Capt. Henry Sheffield make cans rescuer or rescue cylinder, now known as rescue aids in Baywatch. Rolled edges make it faster on the surface of water, although it could cause injury. The second Olympic Games held in Paris in 1900 featuring 200 m, 1000 m and 4000 m freestyle, 200 m backstroke, and 200 m race team (see also Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics).
There were two additional unusual swimming match (although it is quite common at that time), implementation constraints swimming in the river Seine (swim with the flow), and swimming races in the water. 4000 m the style of what was won by John Arthur Jarvis with a record time of under an hour, the longest Olympic swimming perlombangan ever held. Backstroke was also introduced at the Olympic Games in Paris, as well as with water polo. Osborne Swimming Club from Manchester beat club teams from Belgium, France and Germany with great ease.
Trudgen style developed by the teacher pool and English descent named Australian swimmer Richard (Fred, Frederick) Cabill. Like Trudgen, he noticed natives of the Solomon Islands, using front crawl. But unlike Trudgen, he noticed fluttering kicks, and study it carefully. He uses this new jolt shook from the force of the chest or scissor kick Trudgen.
He uses this movement in 1902 at the International Championships in England to create a new world record by swimming outside the force carried by all Trudgen swimmers at 100 yards with a time of 0:58.4 (some sources say that it was his son in a record time 0 : 58.8). he taught this style to his six children, each would become championship swimmers.
The technique became known as freestyle Australia until 1950, when he shortened to just freestyle, a technique known as front crawl. Olympics in 1904 in St. Louis included races 50 yards, 100 yards, 220 yards, 440 yards, 880 yards and one mile freestyle, 100-yard backstroke and 440 yard breaststroke, and 4 * 50-yard freestyle relay (see also pool the 1904 Summer Olympics ).
This race is to distinguish between style chest with freestyle, so now there are two styles defined (breaststroke and backstroke) and freestyle, where most people swam Trudgen style. It also describes the race for the long jump competition, where the distance without swimming, after jumping into the swimming pool was measured.
In 1907 the swimmer Annette Kellerman from Australia visited the United States as an "underwater ballerina", another version of the alignment of swimming, diving into glass tanks. He was arrested for exposing things that are not polite, which appeared swimsuit arms, legs and neck.
Kellerman changed bathing into a long-sleeved shirt, pants that are longer, and the collar, while still maintaining the tight clothes that reveal body shape underneath. She later starred in several films, one about his personal life. In 1908, the world swimming association of the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA / Federation Internationale de Natation de Amateur) was formed.
Along with the development of the sports pool, swimming is becoming more popular. Growing pool of fans. In fact, often the children are taught swimming at a very early age.
Monday, November 21, 2011
historical origins of the world football
History of Football - soccer game is one of the sport worldwide. Men, women, children and even grandparents all love football. Many of them assume that the beginning of the history of English football came from, but it was noted that the history of football games have been around 3000 years ago in various parts of the world in different forms. However, talking history beginning until the emergence of football is still contentious. Because there is some document that explains the game of football has been around since Roman times and so forth. But officially the beginning of the football game was born from mainland China, it is stated by FIFA as world football's governing body, which originated from the Chinese community games in the 2nd century until the 3rd century BC, where the sport is known by the name "thu-shu". In another document the history of football comes from the land of Japan, since the 8th century Japanese society has come to know the game of football. From various statements about the origins of the history of sport soccer is clear from past and present football game played by two teams, each with a team of eleven people.
In the game of football there are different rules, goal games, game tactics and so forth. As noted in the wikipedia, there are some things we can learn in a football game of them are:
1. Football Rules
2. Destination Football Games
3. Game tactics Football
4. Official
5. Regulation
6. Referee as official timers
7. Trial use of Gol Gol Gold and Silver
8. International Championship of
9. Mini world cup (cup confederations)
10. Football in Indonesia
11. Organization
1. REGULATION
Official Rules football game (Laws of the Game) are:
- Rule 1: The soccer field
- Rule 2: The ball
- Rule 3: Number of Players
- Rule 4: Equipment Players
- Rule 5: The referee who set the match
- Rule 6: Assistant referees
- Rule 7: Old Games
- Rule 8: Ball In and Out in the Field
- Rule 9: Ways to Get Numbers
- Rule 10: Offside
- Rule 11: Violations
- Rule 12: Free kick
- Rule 13: Kicking
- Rule 14: Pitch in
- Rule 15: kick goal
In addition to the above regulations internationally, the decisions of the Regional Football Association Board (IFAB) others also add rules in football.
Sponsored Links
2. GOALS SOCCER GAME
Two teams, each consisting of 11 people fighting to put a round ball into the opponent's goal ("scoring"). The team that scored more goals is the winner (usually within 90 minutes, but there are other ways to determine the winner if a tie). added time will be held 2x 15 minutes and in added time when the result is still the series will be held on penalties to each team will be given five times the chance to kick the ball towards goal from the penalty spot inside the goalkeeper area until the results can be determined. Regulation of the most important in achieving this goal are the players (except goalkeeper) must not touch the ball with their hands while he remains in the game.
3. TACTICS SOCCER GAME
Tactics commonly used by soccer clubs are as follows:
1. 4-4-2 (classical: four players behind / skipper)
2. 4-4-2 (with two wing midfielders)
3. 4-4-1-1 (two pairs of wing midfielders, one attacking midfielder and striker only)
4. 4-2-4 (2 wings)
5. 4-3-2-1 (three central midfielders, 2 attacking midfielders and a lone striker)
6. 4-3-1-2 (four defenders, three defensive midfielders, 1 attacker hole, 2 strikers)
7. 4-5-1 (four defenders, two wings, three midfielders, 1 striker)
8. 4-3-3 (four defenders, three defensive midfielders, 2 strikers wings, a central striker)
9. 4-2-3-1 (two central defenders, two wing-back, 2 winger, a striker hole, a striker)
10. 4-3-3 (2-back wings, two central defenders, two wings, one defensive midfielders, three strikers middle)
11. 4-1-4-1 (4 defender, a defensive midfielder, four midfielders, 1 striker)
12. 3-4-3 (a winger)
13. 3-5-2 (with a libero / sweeper)
14. 3-5-2 (without libero / sweeper)
15. 3-6-1
16. 5-4-1
Tactics used by a team of ever-changing depending on the condition that occurs during the game progresses. In essence there are three tactics that are used, namely: Survive, Attack, and Normal.
4. Official
A match was ruled by a referee who has "full authority to run the game according to Game Rules in a match that has diutuskan him" (Rule 5), and the decisions that the issuance of the game is considered final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees (formerly called the judge / linesman). In many games the referee also helped a fourth official who can replace the other if an official diperlukan.selain they also need tools to help the game such as:
1. board replacement players
2. tables and chairs
5. SOCCER RULES
5.1 Field game
1. Size: length x width 64-75 m 100-110 m
2. The boundary line: the line width ... cm, which touch on the side line, goal line at the ends, and the transverse center of the field; ... m the middle circle: there is no barrier or wall board
3. The penalty area: arc measuring 18 m of each post
4. Penalty line: ... m from the midpoint of the goal line
5. The second penalty line: ... m from the midpoint of the goal line
6. Zone change: ... m area (... m on each side of the halfway line) on the grandstand side of the throwing
7. Wicket: width 7 m high x 2.5 m
8. Surface area of throwing: smooth, flat, and no abrasive
The ball 5.2
1. Size: 68-70 cm
2. Circumference: 10 cm
3. Weight: 410-450 grams
4. Flank: 1000 cm on first bounce
5. Material: rubber or synthetic rubber (artificial)
5.3 Team
1. Maximum number of players to start the game: 11, one goalkeeper
2. Maximum number of players out of the field (not including injuries): 4
3. Reserve the maximum number of players: 12
4. Number of referees: 1
5. Number of judges line: 2-4
6. Limit the number of substitutions: 3 except the match trials
5.4 Equipment game
1. Numbered shirts (since 1954)
2. Shorts
3. Sock
4. Shin guards
5. Bersolkan rubber footwear
5.5 Old games
1. Old Normal: 2 × 45 min
2. Long break: 15 minutes
3. Long extension of time: 2 × 15 minutes (if the result is still a draw after 2 x 45 minutes of normal time)
4. There are penalties if the serial number of the team's second goal during extra-time finish.
5. Time-outs: 1 per team per round; not in the extra time
6. The turn round time: maximum 15 minutes
6. SOCCER REFEREE
Referee who led the match and assisted a number 1 person 2 people as a linesman. Then the referee assisted backup help in case of substitutions and announced additional time. At the 2006 World Cup, officials used the fifth. The use of two referees had tried in the copa italia.Penggunaan 4 linesman reportedly also attempted in 2010 World Cup, where 2 of them were behind the goal.
7. TRIAL USE OF GOLD AND SILVER GOL
In the late 1990s, the IFAB trying to make the game more likely to end without requiring a penalty shootout, which is often regarded as less precise way to end the game. An example is the silver goal system that ended the game when a goal scored in extra time of the first, and the golden goal that ended the game when a goal scored in the second overtime. Both of these systems has been discontinued by the IFAB.
8. MAJOR INTERNATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS
Largest international championship soccer World Cup is organized by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association. The World Cup is held every four years. More than 190 national team to compete in regional qualifying tournaments for a place in the finals. The tournament final that lasted for four weeks now involves 32 national team (up from 24 in 1998).
Major international championship in each continent are:
- Europe: European Cup or known by the name of Euro
- South America: Copa América
- Africa: Africa Cup of Nations
- Asia: Asia Cup
- North America: CONCACAF Gold Cup
- Oceania: Oceania Cup
9. MINI WORLD CUP (Confederations Cup)
The biggest event the club level in Europe is the Champions League, while in South America is the Copa Libertadores. In Asia, the Asian Champions League is the biggest club tournament level. Soccer was played in the Olympics since 1900. (Except at the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles). Initially this is only for amateur players only, but since Los Angeles 1984 Olympics professional players also began to come into play, with rules that prevented states rather than play their strongest team.
At this time, the Olympic tournament for men is the U-23 tournament which may ditamnbahi 3 players above the age. Consequently, this tournament does not have international interests and prestige similar to the World Cup, or even with the Euro, Copa America or Africa Cup of Nations. In contrast, the Olympic tournament for the women carry almost the same prestige as the FIFA Women's World Cup; tournament played by international teams is complete without age restrictions.
10. SOCCER IN INDONESIA
Game of football in Indonesia is also developing rapidly. This is marked by the establishment of Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) in 1930 in Yogyakarta, which is chaired by Soeratin Sosrosoegondo. In appreciation of his services, starting in 1966 Cup soccer championship held Soeratin (Soeratin Cup) soccer championship that is the level of teenage cadets. At this time a football game loved by almost all walks of life in Indonesia.
11. Football ORGANIZATION
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) (the world)
- UEFA (Europe)
- CONMEBOL (Latin America)
- CONCACAF (American)
- AFC (Asia)
- CAF (Africa)
- OFC (Oceania)
In the game of football there are different rules, goal games, game tactics and so forth. As noted in the wikipedia, there are some things we can learn in a football game of them are:
1. Football Rules
2. Destination Football Games
3. Game tactics Football
4. Official
5. Regulation
6. Referee as official timers
7. Trial use of Gol Gol Gold and Silver
8. International Championship of
9. Mini world cup (cup confederations)
10. Football in Indonesia
11. Organization
1. REGULATION
Official Rules football game (Laws of the Game) are:
- Rule 1: The soccer field
- Rule 2: The ball
- Rule 3: Number of Players
- Rule 4: Equipment Players
- Rule 5: The referee who set the match
- Rule 6: Assistant referees
- Rule 7: Old Games
- Rule 8: Ball In and Out in the Field
- Rule 9: Ways to Get Numbers
- Rule 10: Offside
- Rule 11: Violations
- Rule 12: Free kick
- Rule 13: Kicking
- Rule 14: Pitch in
- Rule 15: kick goal
In addition to the above regulations internationally, the decisions of the Regional Football Association Board (IFAB) others also add rules in football.
Sponsored Links
2. GOALS SOCCER GAME
Two teams, each consisting of 11 people fighting to put a round ball into the opponent's goal ("scoring"). The team that scored more goals is the winner (usually within 90 minutes, but there are other ways to determine the winner if a tie). added time will be held 2x 15 minutes and in added time when the result is still the series will be held on penalties to each team will be given five times the chance to kick the ball towards goal from the penalty spot inside the goalkeeper area until the results can be determined. Regulation of the most important in achieving this goal are the players (except goalkeeper) must not touch the ball with their hands while he remains in the game.
3. TACTICS SOCCER GAME
Tactics commonly used by soccer clubs are as follows:
1. 4-4-2 (classical: four players behind / skipper)
2. 4-4-2 (with two wing midfielders)
3. 4-4-1-1 (two pairs of wing midfielders, one attacking midfielder and striker only)
4. 4-2-4 (2 wings)
5. 4-3-2-1 (three central midfielders, 2 attacking midfielders and a lone striker)
6. 4-3-1-2 (four defenders, three defensive midfielders, 1 attacker hole, 2 strikers)
7. 4-5-1 (four defenders, two wings, three midfielders, 1 striker)
8. 4-3-3 (four defenders, three defensive midfielders, 2 strikers wings, a central striker)
9. 4-2-3-1 (two central defenders, two wing-back, 2 winger, a striker hole, a striker)
10. 4-3-3 (2-back wings, two central defenders, two wings, one defensive midfielders, three strikers middle)
11. 4-1-4-1 (4 defender, a defensive midfielder, four midfielders, 1 striker)
12. 3-4-3 (a winger)
13. 3-5-2 (with a libero / sweeper)
14. 3-5-2 (without libero / sweeper)
15. 3-6-1
16. 5-4-1
Tactics used by a team of ever-changing depending on the condition that occurs during the game progresses. In essence there are three tactics that are used, namely: Survive, Attack, and Normal.
4. Official
A match was ruled by a referee who has "full authority to run the game according to Game Rules in a match that has diutuskan him" (Rule 5), and the decisions that the issuance of the game is considered final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees (formerly called the judge / linesman). In many games the referee also helped a fourth official who can replace the other if an official diperlukan.selain they also need tools to help the game such as:
1. board replacement players
2. tables and chairs
5. SOCCER RULES
5.1 Field game
1. Size: length x width 64-75 m 100-110 m
2. The boundary line: the line width ... cm, which touch on the side line, goal line at the ends, and the transverse center of the field; ... m the middle circle: there is no barrier or wall board
3. The penalty area: arc measuring 18 m of each post
4. Penalty line: ... m from the midpoint of the goal line
5. The second penalty line: ... m from the midpoint of the goal line
6. Zone change: ... m area (... m on each side of the halfway line) on the grandstand side of the throwing
7. Wicket: width 7 m high x 2.5 m
8. Surface area of throwing: smooth, flat, and no abrasive
The ball 5.2
1. Size: 68-70 cm
2. Circumference: 10 cm
3. Weight: 410-450 grams
4. Flank: 1000 cm on first bounce
5. Material: rubber or synthetic rubber (artificial)
5.3 Team
1. Maximum number of players to start the game: 11, one goalkeeper
2. Maximum number of players out of the field (not including injuries): 4
3. Reserve the maximum number of players: 12
4. Number of referees: 1
5. Number of judges line: 2-4
6. Limit the number of substitutions: 3 except the match trials
5.4 Equipment game
1. Numbered shirts (since 1954)
2. Shorts
3. Sock
4. Shin guards
5. Bersolkan rubber footwear
5.5 Old games
1. Old Normal: 2 × 45 min
2. Long break: 15 minutes
3. Long extension of time: 2 × 15 minutes (if the result is still a draw after 2 x 45 minutes of normal time)
4. There are penalties if the serial number of the team's second goal during extra-time finish.
5. Time-outs: 1 per team per round; not in the extra time
6. The turn round time: maximum 15 minutes
6. SOCCER REFEREE
Referee who led the match and assisted a number 1 person 2 people as a linesman. Then the referee assisted backup help in case of substitutions and announced additional time. At the 2006 World Cup, officials used the fifth. The use of two referees had tried in the copa italia.Penggunaan 4 linesman reportedly also attempted in 2010 World Cup, where 2 of them were behind the goal.
7. TRIAL USE OF GOLD AND SILVER GOL
In the late 1990s, the IFAB trying to make the game more likely to end without requiring a penalty shootout, which is often regarded as less precise way to end the game. An example is the silver goal system that ended the game when a goal scored in extra time of the first, and the golden goal that ended the game when a goal scored in the second overtime. Both of these systems has been discontinued by the IFAB.
8. MAJOR INTERNATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS
Largest international championship soccer World Cup is organized by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association. The World Cup is held every four years. More than 190 national team to compete in regional qualifying tournaments for a place in the finals. The tournament final that lasted for four weeks now involves 32 national team (up from 24 in 1998).
Major international championship in each continent are:
- Europe: European Cup or known by the name of Euro
- South America: Copa América
- Africa: Africa Cup of Nations
- Asia: Asia Cup
- North America: CONCACAF Gold Cup
- Oceania: Oceania Cup
9. MINI WORLD CUP (Confederations Cup)
The biggest event the club level in Europe is the Champions League, while in South America is the Copa Libertadores. In Asia, the Asian Champions League is the biggest club tournament level. Soccer was played in the Olympics since 1900. (Except at the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles). Initially this is only for amateur players only, but since Los Angeles 1984 Olympics professional players also began to come into play, with rules that prevented states rather than play their strongest team.
At this time, the Olympic tournament for men is the U-23 tournament which may ditamnbahi 3 players above the age. Consequently, this tournament does not have international interests and prestige similar to the World Cup, or even with the Euro, Copa America or Africa Cup of Nations. In contrast, the Olympic tournament for the women carry almost the same prestige as the FIFA Women's World Cup; tournament played by international teams is complete without age restrictions.
10. SOCCER IN INDONESIA
Game of football in Indonesia is also developing rapidly. This is marked by the establishment of Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) in 1930 in Yogyakarta, which is chaired by Soeratin Sosrosoegondo. In appreciation of his services, starting in 1966 Cup soccer championship held Soeratin (Soeratin Cup) soccer championship that is the level of teenage cadets. At this time a football game loved by almost all walks of life in Indonesia.
11. Football ORGANIZATION
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) (the world)
- UEFA (Europe)
- CONMEBOL (Latin America)
- CONCACAF (American)
- AFC (Asia)
- CAF (Africa)
- OFC (Oceania)
HISTORY OF MULTIMEDIA IN INDONESIA OR IN THE WORLD
In early 1993, Satelindo is the first private company jump on the satellite services business by launching Palapa C1.Palapa C1 and C2 will last up to 14 years old.These satellites have been used extensively by several countries in ASEAN.Indonesia, among others, use it for communication services managed by Telkom and Indosat, as well as for television broadcast service 5 private TV and TVRI.Even used for a 5-channel direct broadcast satellite TV Indovision (Direct Broadcasting Satellite) which is now digital-quality (19 channels).Even the middle of November, PT.Media Citra Indostar has CAKRAWARTA-1 satellite launched to replace the Palapa C2 satellite work in the airing broadcasts Indovision.With this satellite service Indovision future will hold what could be called interactive services, because it will be available among other teleconference services, Video on Demand (VoD), home shopping, home banking and data communications (Internet).There are two other new multimedia company that will soon operate a fiber optic cable networks, namely PT Indonusa Telemedia and Multimedia Nusantara.Other multimedia companies are: PT Multi Media Asia Indonesia, PT Yasawirya Tama Notices.So that Indonesia may have entered the era now called the multimedia industry
Although multimedia services have been operated in Indonesia, but the terminology of their own multimedia yet familiar with the people of Indonesia.Multimedia is more familiar understood as a technological achievement in personal computers (PCs).If a so-called multimedia PC, the PC does have the ability to display moving pictures and sound, for example of the Video Compact Disc, Compact Disc Audio, and able to communicate between computers or computer network via a modem.
Though multimedia has a broader meaning.Multimedia is the integration of information technology (eg computers) and communications technology (eg coaxial cable network or satellite).When separated according to the etymology of the word multimedia and multi-media.Multi means varied, while the media is a means of information delivery.
Meanwhile, according to Revelation Wijayadi in a paper at a seminar organized by Indosat, entitled''Development of Multimedia Technology and its Implementation'', multimedia consists of (1) elements of sound, (2) elements of a picture or video, (3) elements of the text / data, (4).integrated in a single medium for the delivery, (5).Interactive / not a one-way information.While the types of multimedia services consist of two, which is a stand alone (stand alone / off line), and connected with the telecommunications network (network-online).
Many new developments after the launch of the Palapa C1 & C2 a few years ago.Ditaburkannya such as communication satellites in the sky to Indonesia by foreign companies in Indonesia where many businessmen involved in the ownership of shares in it, among which are PT.Bakri Communication Corporation in Irridium Project, a satellite phone world to solve the problem of blank spots on ordinary mobile phones, AMPS or GSM.Indosat also entered into a consortium of investors in ICO Global Communications (ICO-GC), a satellite phone after Irridium.
While in other parts of the world, Microsoft with several companies in the industry also has penetrated the other satellite communication services, such as internet, video conferencing or video on demand.The project is known today is CyberStar or "Internet in Space" that may be providing services in Indonesia.
In addition to politics, too, turned out to businesses to develop multimedia in Indonesia.Since the election a few months ago PT.Telkom hope no one else in Indonesia districts that can not be reached by telephone with satellite technology VSAT (very small aperture terminal).Unfortunately the facilities already owned was not functioning at the time of famine and forest fires in Indonesia.For some reason ....
SOURCES OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE
To anticipate the coming of this era, I present this homepage, contains a collection of information on multimedia developments in Indonesia and in the world in general this homepage can be called the only one that specifically talks about multimedia.On the homepage there are many links to sites related to multimedia, so it can be relied upon for those who want to see the development of multimedia from time to time.
Article or articles about multimedia admittedly very rare, even in big newspapers like Kompas, Republika and Voice Reform.In fact we do not have a magazine or periodical specifically presents the development of the multimedia industry in Indonesia, such as those published in other states.Yet the news about the multimedia business activities often arise.It describes the rampant growth of multimedia business in Indonesia.Apparently this area is less intellectually ogled by academics.Or conversely means the akademisinya already plunged directly into multimedia practitioners in multimedia companies and did not get to share this knowledge to the public.Sharing Though the development of multimedia information to the public will stimulate the development of the multimedia industry.
The share ENTREPRENEURS
If what Peter Gontha've done so far, namely to develop multimedia plunge in Indonesia, followed by many other businessmen of course we can hope that the era of information in Indonesia can be more quickly approached.Although the Indonesian government does not like the Government of Malaysia has launched a national program in particular, the Multimedia Super Corridor, it is enough to have Peter Gontha Indonesia, Abu Rizal Bakri, Youk Tansil and even Sudwikatmono (without reducing my respect to people who actively developing multimedia in Indosatand Telkom) as a multimedia pioneer and fighter development in Indonesia.So that we can optimistic that Indonesia's future will be better than now.Since that time all people can achieve either one side of the multimedia that provide equal opportunity for everyone to educate themselves through providing access to the information-access area of the sky as one of the places where the multimedia infrastructure is placed.
Indeed, I must say that all current multimedia services are not always profitable business.An example is the satellite television service Indovision as one of multimedia services.This business in Indonesia is less sharpening marketing strength, so the service becomes very exclusive Indovision.There are a million satellite dishes scattered across Indonesia are expected to switch to Indovision at the launch of the first Indovision.Meanwhile, the behavior of viewers at that time not familiar with the habit of pay TV broadcasts and events that are 100% foreign (English only).Indovision until now still need more on efforts to get as many customers as hoped.Although Indovision customer growth is relatively slow, but Indovision has opened the way for other Pay TV companies to get involved in this industry.So that other companies will be more easily enter the market that has been formed to receive pay TV broadcasts and foreign programs, whatever the system and its technology.
MULTIMEDIA AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION
Ten years ago the needs of the telecommunications equipment such as telephones do not like now, especially in big cities.As more and more jammed streets and seem increasingly shorter time, communication by telephone becomes an inevitable requirement to remain fluent in performing daily activities.Whereas ten years ago that few are aware that the phone is an absolute necessity in the next 10 years in the big cities.Similarly, the existence of the Personal Computer (PC) is now like audio equipment or a color TV systems in homes in 10 years ago.Or now needs access to the Internet for offices in order to not cut off from the trend of the field that they do and to get an e-mail service which began to replace the fax machine.Slowly but surely interractive data communication services such as Internet history it will repeat the same for phone or PC several years ago.It is already apparent from the efforts that have been done to develop this service.An example is the WEB TV that has now been marketed.WEB TV is the internet service through the TV rather than via a PC.By adding some additional equipment, modems, remote control or keyboard and connected by telephone line or microwave antenna / satellite TV then be used to as a display monitor to surf the worldwide information network of the Internet.Imagine that moment in which the mother-housewife scoured the internet to shop for fashion, food, travel services, weather forecasts and even others.There will also be unfolding everywhere efforts are partly based home run by housewives, such as computer services, buying and selling goods, graphic design, architecture, health, counseling, child care which can be controlled through a network of multimedia and others.
Multimedia developments in recent years has spawned a timid question, namely what happens to the restrictions on access to information and freedom of expression is first applied?Must diakkui, slowly, the glow of the progress of multimedia technology, especially from 5 private TV broadcast has mempurukkan restrictions.So the next question is: where are the development of multimedia the next 5 years?Or: where are the direction of human civilization?The answer will probably depend on where we are directing.
HUMAN RESOURCES TO SUPPORT MULTIMEDIA INDUSTRY
The development of such a rapid multimedia industry should be supported by the availability of human resources in Indonesia is competitive, so it is not soft land invaded by foreign workers who have too much to break out in Indonesia.Falls in the field of multimedia technology is a new profession that is needed at the present and future.Strong imagination is required in this field to be able to imagine, seeing the potential, creating what is not unimaginable by most people today.
Business development of the multimedia industry in Indonesia needs more people like that to prepare the way towards a new human civilization in the future.They are not only the conglomerates are easy for him to plunge into any industry.But without the support of qualified human resources, what is meant
Read more: http://www.bukisa.com/articles/608443_history-of-multimedia-in-indonesia-or-in-the-world#ixzz1eKF7lg2X
Although multimedia services have been operated in Indonesia, but the terminology of their own multimedia yet familiar with the people of Indonesia.Multimedia is more familiar understood as a technological achievement in personal computers (PCs).If a so-called multimedia PC, the PC does have the ability to display moving pictures and sound, for example of the Video Compact Disc, Compact Disc Audio, and able to communicate between computers or computer network via a modem.
Though multimedia has a broader meaning.Multimedia is the integration of information technology (eg computers) and communications technology (eg coaxial cable network or satellite).When separated according to the etymology of the word multimedia and multi-media.Multi means varied, while the media is a means of information delivery.
Meanwhile, according to Revelation Wijayadi in a paper at a seminar organized by Indosat, entitled''Development of Multimedia Technology and its Implementation'', multimedia consists of (1) elements of sound, (2) elements of a picture or video, (3) elements of the text / data, (4).integrated in a single medium for the delivery, (5).Interactive / not a one-way information.While the types of multimedia services consist of two, which is a stand alone (stand alone / off line), and connected with the telecommunications network (network-online).
Many new developments after the launch of the Palapa C1 & C2 a few years ago.Ditaburkannya such as communication satellites in the sky to Indonesia by foreign companies in Indonesia where many businessmen involved in the ownership of shares in it, among which are PT.Bakri Communication Corporation in Irridium Project, a satellite phone world to solve the problem of blank spots on ordinary mobile phones, AMPS or GSM.Indosat also entered into a consortium of investors in ICO Global Communications (ICO-GC), a satellite phone after Irridium.
While in other parts of the world, Microsoft with several companies in the industry also has penetrated the other satellite communication services, such as internet, video conferencing or video on demand.The project is known today is CyberStar or "Internet in Space" that may be providing services in Indonesia.
In addition to politics, too, turned out to businesses to develop multimedia in Indonesia.Since the election a few months ago PT.Telkom hope no one else in Indonesia districts that can not be reached by telephone with satellite technology VSAT (very small aperture terminal).Unfortunately the facilities already owned was not functioning at the time of famine and forest fires in Indonesia.For some reason ....
SOURCES OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE
To anticipate the coming of this era, I present this homepage, contains a collection of information on multimedia developments in Indonesia and in the world in general this homepage can be called the only one that specifically talks about multimedia.On the homepage there are many links to sites related to multimedia, so it can be relied upon for those who want to see the development of multimedia from time to time.
Article or articles about multimedia admittedly very rare, even in big newspapers like Kompas, Republika and Voice Reform.In fact we do not have a magazine or periodical specifically presents the development of the multimedia industry in Indonesia, such as those published in other states.Yet the news about the multimedia business activities often arise.It describes the rampant growth of multimedia business in Indonesia.Apparently this area is less intellectually ogled by academics.Or conversely means the akademisinya already plunged directly into multimedia practitioners in multimedia companies and did not get to share this knowledge to the public.Sharing Though the development of multimedia information to the public will stimulate the development of the multimedia industry.
The share ENTREPRENEURS
If what Peter Gontha've done so far, namely to develop multimedia plunge in Indonesia, followed by many other businessmen of course we can hope that the era of information in Indonesia can be more quickly approached.Although the Indonesian government does not like the Government of Malaysia has launched a national program in particular, the Multimedia Super Corridor, it is enough to have Peter Gontha Indonesia, Abu Rizal Bakri, Youk Tansil and even Sudwikatmono (without reducing my respect to people who actively developing multimedia in Indosatand Telkom) as a multimedia pioneer and fighter development in Indonesia.So that we can optimistic that Indonesia's future will be better than now.Since that time all people can achieve either one side of the multimedia that provide equal opportunity for everyone to educate themselves through providing access to the information-access area of the sky as one of the places where the multimedia infrastructure is placed.
Indeed, I must say that all current multimedia services are not always profitable business.An example is the satellite television service Indovision as one of multimedia services.This business in Indonesia is less sharpening marketing strength, so the service becomes very exclusive Indovision.There are a million satellite dishes scattered across Indonesia are expected to switch to Indovision at the launch of the first Indovision.Meanwhile, the behavior of viewers at that time not familiar with the habit of pay TV broadcasts and events that are 100% foreign (English only).Indovision until now still need more on efforts to get as many customers as hoped.Although Indovision customer growth is relatively slow, but Indovision has opened the way for other Pay TV companies to get involved in this industry.So that other companies will be more easily enter the market that has been formed to receive pay TV broadcasts and foreign programs, whatever the system and its technology.
MULTIMEDIA AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION
Ten years ago the needs of the telecommunications equipment such as telephones do not like now, especially in big cities.As more and more jammed streets and seem increasingly shorter time, communication by telephone becomes an inevitable requirement to remain fluent in performing daily activities.Whereas ten years ago that few are aware that the phone is an absolute necessity in the next 10 years in the big cities.Similarly, the existence of the Personal Computer (PC) is now like audio equipment or a color TV systems in homes in 10 years ago.Or now needs access to the Internet for offices in order to not cut off from the trend of the field that they do and to get an e-mail service which began to replace the fax machine.Slowly but surely interractive data communication services such as Internet history it will repeat the same for phone or PC several years ago.It is already apparent from the efforts that have been done to develop this service.An example is the WEB TV that has now been marketed.WEB TV is the internet service through the TV rather than via a PC.By adding some additional equipment, modems, remote control or keyboard and connected by telephone line or microwave antenna / satellite TV then be used to as a display monitor to surf the worldwide information network of the Internet.Imagine that moment in which the mother-housewife scoured the internet to shop for fashion, food, travel services, weather forecasts and even others.There will also be unfolding everywhere efforts are partly based home run by housewives, such as computer services, buying and selling goods, graphic design, architecture, health, counseling, child care which can be controlled through a network of multimedia and others.
Multimedia developments in recent years has spawned a timid question, namely what happens to the restrictions on access to information and freedom of expression is first applied?Must diakkui, slowly, the glow of the progress of multimedia technology, especially from 5 private TV broadcast has mempurukkan restrictions.So the next question is: where are the development of multimedia the next 5 years?Or: where are the direction of human civilization?The answer will probably depend on where we are directing.
HUMAN RESOURCES TO SUPPORT MULTIMEDIA INDUSTRY
The development of such a rapid multimedia industry should be supported by the availability of human resources in Indonesia is competitive, so it is not soft land invaded by foreign workers who have too much to break out in Indonesia.Falls in the field of multimedia technology is a new profession that is needed at the present and future.Strong imagination is required in this field to be able to imagine, seeing the potential, creating what is not unimaginable by most people today.
Business development of the multimedia industry in Indonesia needs more people like that to prepare the way towards a new human civilization in the future.They are not only the conglomerates are easy for him to plunge into any industry.But without the support of qualified human resources, what is meant
Read more: http://www.bukisa.com/articles/608443_history-of-multimedia-in-indonesia-or-in-the-world#ixzz1eKF7lg2X
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