bunga langka

when spring is in full swing, there is no denying how beautiful the world looks. The trees get new leaves and with them come an array of colorful flowers. Butterflies and hummingbirds are everywhere as the sombre winter mood lifts. It’s my personal favorite time of the year. In this list we will take a look at some amazing flowers which, sadly, you probably won’t see this coming spring. These are the rare, endangered and in some cases extinct in the wild flowers. The reason most of these carry the title of rare, is because humans do not have the ability to work in perfect harmony with nature. For example, Humans build a dam, the dam prevents a specific river from flowing freely, which prevents a specific frog or fish from breading, which results in a specifickind of bird not getting food, which results in a specific kind of flower not being pollinated, which can eventually lead to the extinction of that plant. In that one scenario of building a dam humans have basically killed off three species, and history is filled with hundreds of similar occurrences. Regardless of what drove them to become rarities, the following plants are far and few between, and having the opportunity to see one for yourself should be a celebrated occurrence.

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Jade Vine
Strongylodon macrobotrys

The jade vine is a rare woody vine native to the tropical rainforests of the Philippines. It is a member of the pea and bean family and is closely related to kidney beans. The plant carries claw shaped flowers which grow from hanging trusses; they can reach up to three meters in length. The flower’s color can vary from blue green to mint green. The species has proven extremely difficult to propagate, and is considered an endangered species due to the destruction of its habitat and a decrease in natural pollinators.

9
Corpse Flower
Rafflesia arnoldii

This fascinating flower is found mainly in low lying tropical rainforests of Indonesia. This is one of the world’s rarest, most endangered and largest flowers and it can reach a total width of over a meter. The Rafflesia’s survival is totally dependent on a specific vine called the Tetrastigma vine. As the Rafflesia is a bodiless, stemless, leafless, rootless parasite, it requires the vine for nourishment and support. It is also a carrion plant, which means that it releases a pungent rotten flesh smell when in bloom to attract flies and carrion beetles to aid in pollination. Once in bloom, the flower will only last about a week before dying.

8
Gibraltar Campion
Silene tomentosa

This species of Campion is particularly rare and is only found on the high cliffs of Gibraltar. This plant was believed extinct by the entire scientific community outside Gibraltar in the 1980s but the Gibraltar botanical section knew there were a few specimens left. Sadly, by 1992 all traces of the plant had vanished and it was declared extinct. In 1994 a single specimen was discovered by a climber on the inaccessible cliffs and the species came back to life. It was propagated at themillennium seed bank and specimens are grown at The Almeda Gibraltar Botanic Gardens as well as the Royal Botanic Gardens in London.

7
Franklin Tree
Franklinia alatamaha

This tree is a part of the tea family but is the sole species in its genus and a very rare flowering plant. The tree is native to the Altamaha river valley in Georgia, but has been extinct in the wild since the early 19th century. In fact this beautiful tree is only known today because of the Bartram family, who were avid horticulturists and propagated the tree before its extinction in the wild. The plant, which has fragrant white blooms and leaves that turn into a bright red color in fall, is now a popular ornamental plant. All the examples of this tree today stem from one of the trees propagated by the Bartram’s.

6
Parrot’s Beak
Lotus berthelotii

This is a beautiful flower that has been classed as exceedingly rare since 1884. It is believed to be completely extinct in the wild, but a few individuals might have survived. This stunning plant is endemic to the Canary Islands and is believed to have originally been pollinated by sunbirds, which have long since become extinct in the Canary Islands. This could help to explain the scarcity of the plant. Experiments have been undertaken to find new pollinators for the flowers, in hopes that they can successfully be reintroduced to the Islands, but as of 2008, no fruit had been successfully produced. The Parrot’s beak is however cultivated in the horticulture trade, which can allow even you to own one!

5
Chocolate Cosmos
Cosmos atrosanguineus

This is a dark red to brown species of Cosmos, native to Mexico. Sadly it has been extinct in the wild for over a hundred years. The species survives today as a single non fertile clone, which was created in 1902 by vegetative propagation. The flowers which are produced by the plant are a rich deep red to brown color and grow to about 3-4 cm in diameter. The flowers have a lovely vanillin fragrance in the summer (also found in vanilla beans, some coffee beans and some cacao beans), which also makes it a wonderful ornamental plant.

4
Koki’o
Kokai cookei

This is an extremely rare tree, endemic to Hawaii. It was discovered in 1860, at which time only three specimens could be found. The tree proved difficult to propagate, and by 1950, after the last seedling died, it was deemed extinct. In 1970 a sole survivor was found, which was sadly destroyed in a fire in 1978. Luckily one of the branches of that last remaining tree was saved, and grafted into 23 trees that exist today, all of which are situated in various places in Hawaii. The Kokai is a small tree that grows to about 10-11 meters high. Their most striking feature has to be the hundreds of bright red flowers that mature trees produce annually. Sadly that is a rarity which few will be privileged to see.

3
Yellow and Purple Lady Slippers
Cypripedium calceolus

This is an extremely rare type of wild orchid found across Europe. Britain’s only example of this plant, which used to be more common and widespread, can be found on a golf course and has been under strict police protection since 1917. A single cutting can be sold for US$5000, which is shocking as the plant is very difficult to propagate. Its seeds bear no nourishment for the growing plant, so it lives in a symbiotic relationship with a specific type of fungus, which provides it with nourishment, until the adult leaves can produce enough nourishment for the plant, at which time the fungus will also live off it. There are many types of Lady slipper orchids, many of which are rare. This specific type, has dark purple to almost red brown tendrils with a bright yellow “slipper or moccasin.”

2
Ghost Orchid
Epipogium aphyllum

The Ghost orchid is a fascinating rare plant that was presumed extinct for almost 20 years, only recently did it rear its head again. The plant is so rare because it is basically impossible to propagate. It has no leaves, does not depend on photosynthesis and does not manufacture its own food. Like the Lady slipper, it needs a specific fungus in close contact with its root system, which feeds it. The Ghost orchid never grows leaves, and will therefore always depend on the fungus for its nourishment. The Ghost orchid can live underground for years, without showing any external signs and will only bloom when all conditions are optimum. This explains why someorchid enthusiasts search for years and years just to have a glimpse of this elusive flower.

1
Middlemist Red
Middlemist camellia

This is probably the rarest flowering plant in the world as there are only 2 known examples. One can be found in a garden in New Zealand and the other is situated in a greenhouse in Britain.The plant was originally brought to Britain from China by John Middlemist (after whom the plantwas named) in 1804. It has since been completely wiped out in China. The plant in Britain remained barren for years and only started bearing flowers recently. The flowers are, contrary to its name, bright pink in color and look almost rose like. It is believed to be highly possible that more examples of this species has survived in people’s gardens, unbeknown to them, as it was once sold directly to the public by John Middlemist.

beberapa tempat terindah didunia

Sepuluh tempat di bawah ini adalah tempat-tempat paling ekstrem di muka bumi. Mulai dari Venezuela, Rusia bahkan timur tengah, semua tempat-tempat ini memiliki kelebihan dan keistimewaan yang tiada duanya. langsung aja:

1. Angels Falls (Venezuela): Air Terjun Tertinggi 3230 kaki

Yang pertama adalah Angel Falls (Salto Ángel). Air terjun di Venezuela ini adalah air terjun tertinggi di dunia. Air terjun yang tingginya 3.230 (984 m) terletak di sebuah anak sungai Rio Caroni. Air terjun terbentuk saat arus sungai jatuh dari puncak Auyantepui. Sektor waisata di lokasi air terjun cukup maju.

2. Mt. Chimborazo (Ecuador): Titik Tertinggi dari Pusat Bumi 20,703 feet (6,310 m) di Atas Permukaan Laut

Tidak banyak orang yang tahu tentang Gunung Chimborazo di Ekuador dengan ketinggian 6.310 meter (20.703 kaki), beda sedikit dari Gunung Everest, namun memiliki perbedaan Chimborazo menjadi gunung tertinggi di atas pusat bumi. Hal ini karena Bumi memiliki poros bulat. Sebagai poros bulat, Bumi adalah yang paling luas di khatulistiwa. Chimborazo hanya satu derajat sebelah selatan khatulistiwa bumi dan pada lokasi itu adalah 6.384 kilometer dari pusat Bumi atau sekitar 2 kilometer lebih jauh dari pusat Bumi dibandingkan Gunung Everest.

3. Tristan de Cunha (UK): Pulau Berpenghuni Paling Terisolasi di Bumi Berjarak 2,000 mil dari Continent Terdekat

Kelompok pulau berpenghuni terpencil di dunia, Tristan de Cunha di selatan Samudera Atlantik, adalah pulau yang sangat kecil, dan tidak memiliki landasan. Rumah untuk 272 orang terdiri dari 8 nama keluarga, penduduk disana turun-temurun menderita keluhan seperti asma dan glaukoma. Dianeksasi oleh Britania Raya pada 1800-an, penduduk pulau memiliki kode pos dan bahasa Inggris, sementara mereka dapat memesan barang secara online, di butuhkan waktu yang sangat lama untuk pesanan mereka datang.

4. Lut Desert (Iran): Tempat Terpanas di Bumi 159 °F (71 °C)

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Ada diskusi besar tentang tempat terpanas di bumi. Banyak yang percaya di Al Azizyah, Libya, dengan suhu tercatat 136 derajat Fahrenheit (57,8 derajat celcius), dan tempat terpanas kedua berada di Death Valley, California, Amerika Serikat, yaitu 134 Fahrenheit pada tahun 1913. Tetapi menurut situs lain, satelit NASA mencatat suhu permukaan setinggi 71 ° C (159 ° F) di gurun Lut Iran, konon yang ini adalah temperatur terpanas yang pernah tercatat di muka Bumi. Daerah ini, yang meliputi wilayah sekitar 480 kilometer, disebut Gandom Beriyan (panggang gandum).

5. Oymyakon (Russia): Tempat Terdingin di Dunia? 96.2 °F (?71.2 °C)

Oymyakon adalah sebuah desa di Oymyakonsky Ulus dari Republik Sakha, Rusia, terletak di sepanjang Sungai Indigirka, 30 kilometer (20 mil) barat laut Kolyma Tomtor di Highway. Populasi adalah 800 orang. Oymyakon dikenal sebagai salah satu calon Kutub Utara Dingin, karena pada tanggal 26 Januari 1926, temperature dari -71,2 ° C (-96,2 ° F) tercatat di sana. Ini adalah suhu terendah tercatat untuk setiap lokasi yang dihuni secara permanen di Bumi. Itu juga merupakan suhu terendah tercatat di belahan bumi Utara.

6. The Dry Valleys (Antarctica): Tempat Terkering di Muka Bumi

Salah satu daerah di Antartika dikenal sebagai Lembah Kering. Di lembah ini tidak ada curah hujan lebih dari 2 juta tahun. Dengan pengecualian satu lembah, danau secara singkat yang diisi dengan air dari daratan yang mengalir sungai-sungai selama musim panas, Lembah Kering tidak mengandung uap air (air, es, atau salju). Alasan mengapa Lembah Kering ini ada adalah 200 mph katabatic bawah angin yang menguapkan semua kelembaban. Lembah-lembah kering yang aneh: kecuali beberapa batu terjal. Lembah ini adalah satu-satunya bagian dari benua Antartika tanpa es. Terletak di Trans-Antartika Range dan berhubungan dengan daerah pegunungan di mana penguapan (atau lebih tepatnya, sublimasi) lebih penting daripada hujan salju, sehingga semua es menghilang, meninggalkan tanah tandus kering.

7. Marianas Trench (Indonesia and Japan): Titik Terendah di Muka Bumi 35,840 kaki (10,924 m) di bawah permukaan laut

Challenger Deep di Palung Mariana (atau Marianas Trench) adalah titik terdalam di lautan bumi. Dalamnya adalah 10.924 meter (35.840 kaki) di bawah permukaan laut. Satu-satunya orang yang pernah dieksplorasi parit ini adalah Jacques Piccard dan Don Walsh. Di bagian bawah mereka tujuh mil ke bawah dan di sekeliling mereka delapan ton tekanan. Mereka mengamati ikan, udang dan makhluk lainnya hidup di bawah dasar laut.

8. Lloro (Colombia): Tempat Terbasah di Muka Bumi

Lloro, Kolombia, mendapatkan rata-rata 40 feet hujan setahun. Orang-orang yang tinggal di sana menghasilkan uang dengan menebang pohon-pohon di hutan terdekat di mana Anda dapat mengandalkan pada hujan setiap hari. Sekali lagi, ada diskusi tentang fakta ini. Cherrapunji, Utara-Timur India diperkirakan selama bertahun-tahun untuk menjadi tempat paling basah di dunia. Disini hujan rata-rata 10.820 mm dalam satu tahun, baik dari jumlah pendek dari Lloro. Tidak seperti Kolombia dimana hujan turun sepanjang tahun, Cherrapunji mendapatkan sebagian besar dari hujan selama ‘monsun barat’, atau musim hujan, antara bulan Juni dan Agustus. Sebenarnya, antara 1860 dan 1862 Cherrapunji ini sangat basah; antara 1 Agustus 1860 dan 31 Juli 1861 (yang tumpang tindih bagian dari 2 musim basah) 26.467 mm hujan turun.

9. Mount Thor (Canada): Tempat Vertical Tertinggi di Muka Bumi

Gunung Thor, di Auyuittuq Taman Nasional di Pulau Baffin, Nunavut, Kanada, menyediakan tempat vertikal tertinggi yaitu 4.100 kaki. Gunung Thor adalah puncak paling terkenal di Kanada, dan itu murni terbuat dari granit. Ini favorit para pencari sensasi dan pendaki. Gunung Thor dinaiki pertama kali pada tahun 1953 oleh Institut Kutub Utara Amerika Utara tim. Ada beberapa ekspedisi pemanjatan yang pernah dilakukan di sini. Sejauh ini, terjadi satu kematian pada tahun 2006.

10. Dead Sea (Jordan): Tempat Berelevasi Terendah di Muka Bumi 1,385 ft (422 mt) di bawah permukaan laut

Yang terakhir adalah Laut Mati. Laut ini adalah elevasi terendah di permukaan bumi di tanah kering, garis permukaan dan pantai berjarak 422 meter (1.385 kaki) di bawah permukaan laut. Di perbatasan Yordania dan Israel, jalan di sekitar Laut Mati juga menjadi jalan paling rendah di Bumi. Terkenal karena salinitas (lebih kuat sepuluh kali dari Laut Mediterania) dan karena kandungan garam yang ekstrem, tidak ada makhluk yang dapat bertahan hidup di laut itu.

Read more: http://www.huteri.com/294/10-tempat-terindah-didunia#ixzz1gI4gF2X5

keajaiban dunia terbaru

1.Chichen Itza
Merupakan peninggalan arkeologi suku Maya di Meksiko yang paling lengkap serta masih terawat dengan baik. Menurut buku budaya suku Maya dari Chilam Balam, kompleks candi ini dibangun antara tahun 502-522 Masehi. Suku Maya hanya menempatinya selama 200 tahun, kemudian mereka berpindah ke daerah pantai di Campeche. Itza merupakan titik sentral kompleks bangunan lainnya seperti Piramida Kukulcan, Candi Chac Mool, dan bangunan Seribu Tiang.

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2. Christ The Redeemer
Atau Patung Kristus Penebus (bahasa Portugis: Cristo Redentor) adalah patung Yesus Kristus dengan gaya arsitektur Art Deco terbesar dan terdapat di Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Patung memiliki tinggi 38 meter dan terletak di puncak dari Gunung Corcovado yang tingginya 710 m di Taman Nasional Hutan Tijuca, yang menghadap ke kota.

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3. Colosseum
Adalah sebuah gedung pertunjukan yang besar/amphitheatre, terletak di Ibukota Negara Italia, Roma, bernama asli “Flavian Amphitheatre”, didirikan oleh Raja Vespasian dan terselesaikan oleh anaknya Titus. Ada yang berpendapat bahwa Colosseum dibuat pada tahun 79 SM. Asal nama Colosseum berasal dari sebuah patung setinggi 130 kaki atau 40 m yang bernama Colossus. Tempat ini di set untuk menampung 50.000 orang penonton.

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4. Great Wall of China
Tembok Raksasa Cina atau Tembok Besar merupakan bangunan terpanjang yang pernah dibuat oleh manusia, terletak di Republik Rakyat Cina. Panjangnya adalah 6.400 kilometer (dari kawasan Sanhai Pass di timur hingga Lop Nur di sebelah barat) dan tingginya 8 meter dengan tujuan untuk mencegah serbuan bangsa Mongol dari Utara pada masa itu. Lebar bagian atasnya 5 m, sedangkan lebar bagian bawahnya 8 m. Setiap 180-270 m dibuat semacam menara pengintai. Tinggi menara pengintai tersebut 11-12 m. Untuk membuat tembok raksasa ini, diperlukan waktu ratusan tahun di zaman berbagai kaisar.

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5. Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu (“Gunung Tua” dalam bahasa Quechua; sering juga disebut “Kota Inca yang hilang”) adalah sebuah lokasi reruntuhan Inca pra-Columbus yang terletak di wilayah pegunungan pada ketinggian sekitar 2.350 m. diatas permukaan laut. Berada di atas lembah Urubamba di Peru, sekitar 70 km barat laut Cusco. Merupakan simbol Kerajaan Inka yang paling terkenal. Dibangun pada sekitar tahun 1450, tetapi ditinggalkan seratus tahun kemudian, ketika bangsa Spanyol berhasil menaklukan Kerajaan Inka.

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6. Petra
Adalah sebuah situs arkeologikal di Yordania, terletak di dataran rendah di antara gunung-gunung yang membentuk sayap timur Wadi Araba, lembah besar yang berawal dari Laut Mati sampai Teluk Aqaba. Petra adalah kota yang didirikan dengan memahat dinding-dinding batu di Yordania. Simbol teknik dan perlindungan. Kota ini didirikan dengan mengali dan mengukir cadas setinggi 40 meter. Petra merupakan ibukota kerajaan Nabatean. Didirikan pada 9SM-40M oleh Raja Aretas IV sebagai kita yang sulit untuk ditembus musuh dan aman dari bencana alam seperti badai pasir. Nabatean membangun Petra dengan sisitem pengairan yang luar biasa rumit. Terdapat terowongan air dan bilik air yang menyalurkan air bersih ke kota, sehingga mencegah banjirmedadak. Mereka juga memiliki teknologi hidrolik untuk mengangkat air.

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7. Taj Mahal
Adalah sebuah monumen yang terletak di Agra, India. Dibangun atas keinginan Kaisar Mughal Shah Jahan, anak Jahangir, sebagai sebuah musoleum untuk istri Persianya, Arjumand Banu Begum, juga dikenal sebagai Mumtaz-ul-Zamani atau Mumtaz Mahal. Pembangunan menghabiskan waktu 23 tahun (1630-1653) dan merupakan sebuah adi karya dari arsitektur Mughal. Shah Jahan memerintahkan Ustad Ahmad membuat bangunan ini. Ustaz Ahmad mengumpulkan 20.000 orang pekerja yang terdiri dari tukang batu, tukang emas, dan pengukir yang termasyhur dari seluruh dunia. Dengan bumbung, kubah dan menara yang buat dari marmer putih, serta seni mozak yang indah. Sebanyak 43 jenis batu permata, termasuknya yaitu berlian, jed, kristal, topaz, dan nilam telah digunakan untuk memper indah Taj Mahal.

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8. Giza Pyramid
Adalah piramida tertua dan terbesar dari tiga piramida yang ada di Nekropolis Giza. Dibangun sebagai makam untuk firaun dinasti keempat Mesir, Khufu. Dibangun selama lebih dari 20 tahun dan diperkirakan berlangsung pada sekitar tahun 2560 SM. Tiga piramida yang lebih kecil untuk istri Khufu, dan sebuah piramida “satelit” yang lebih kecil lagi, berupa lintasan yang ditinggikan, dan makam-makam mastaba berukuran kecil di sekeliling piramida para bangsawan.

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9. Acropolis of Athens
Acropolis adalah dataran tinggi berbatu setinggi 156 m, dan ada beberapa reruntuhan bangunan kuno yang dulunya adalah kuil yg menjadi pusat sejarah Athena. Mulai dibangun 1.300 tahun SM. Acropolis sebenarnya sebuah kota kecil yang permai, sampai kerajaan Persia menghancurkannya di tahun 480 SM. Setahun kemudian tentara Yunani mengalahkan Persia dan membangun ulang kuil-kuil itu. Antara tahun 467 sampai 404 SM, bangunan tersebut selesai dibangun. Pada tahun 1834 Athena menjadi ibukota Yunani, raja Otto menetapkan Acropolis sebagai bangunan arkeologi yang dilindungi. Tahun 1975 Acropolis direstorasi.

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10. Alhambra
Adalah nama sebuah kompleks istana sekaligus benteng yang megah dari kekhalifahan bani ummayyah di Granada, Spanyol bagian selatan (dikenal dengan sebutan Al-Andalus ketika benteng ini didirikan), yang mencakup wilayah perbukitan di batas kota Granada. Istana ini dibangun sebagai tempat tinggal khalifah beserta para pembesarnya.

penenu lambang garuda

Garuda merupakan lambang Negara Indonesia, hampir semua orang tahu itu. Namun hanya sebagian orang saja yang mengetahui siapa penemunya dan bagaimana kisah hingga menjadi lambang kebanggaan negara ini.
Sewaktu Republik Indonesia Serikat dibentuk, dia diangkat menjadi Menteri Negara Zonder Porto Folio dan selama jabatan menteri negara itu ditugaskan Presiden Soekarno merencanakan, merancang dan merumuskan gambar lambang negara.Dia lah Sultan Hamid II yang berasal dari Pontianak.

Dia teringat ucapan Presiden Soekarno, bahwa hendaknya lambang negara mencerminkan pandangan hidup bangsa, dasar negara Indonesia, di mana sila-sila dari dasar negara, yaitu Pancasila divisualisasikan dalam lambang negara. Tanggal 10 Januari 1950 dibentuk Panitia Teknis dengan nama Panitia Lencana Negara di bawah koordinator Menteri Negara Zonder Porto Folio Sultan Hamid II dengan susunan panitia teknis M Yamin sebagai ketua, Ki Hajar Dewantoro, M A Pellaupessy, Moh Natsir, dan RM Ng Purbatjaraka sebagai anggota. Panitia ini bertugas menyeleksi usulan rancangan lambang negara untuk dipilih dan diajukan kepada pemerintah.

Merujuk keterangan Bung Hatta dalam buku “Bung Hatta Menjawab” untuk melaksanakan Keputusan Sidang Kabinet tersebut Menteri Priyono melaksanakan sayembara. Terpilih dua rancangan lambang negara terbaik, yaitu karya Sultan Hamid II dan karya M Yamin.
Pada proses selanjutnya yang diterima pemerintah dan DPR RIS adalah rancangan Sultan Hamid II. Karya M Yamin ditolak karena menyertakan sinar-sinar matahari dan menampakkan pengaruh Jepang.
Setelah rancangan terpilih, dialog intensif antara perancang (Sultan Hamid II), Presiden RIS Soekarno dan Perdana Menteri Mohammad Hatta, terus dilakukan untuk keperluan penyempurnaan rancangan itu. Terjadi kesepakatan mereka bertiga, mengganti pita yang dicengkeram Garuda, yang semula adalah pita merah putih menjadi pita putih dengan menambahkan semboyan “Bhineka Tunggal Ika”.
Tanggal 8 Februari 1950, rancangan final lambang negara yang dibuat Menteri Negara RIS, Sultan Hamid II diajukan kepada Presiden Soekarno. Rancangan final lambang negara tersebut mendapat masukan dari Partai Masyumi untuk dipertimbangkan, karena adanya keberatan terhadap gambar burung garuda dengan tangan dan bahu manusia yang memegang perisai dan dianggap bersifat mitologis.

Sultan Hamid II kembali mengajukan rancangan gambar lambang negara yang telah disempurnakan berdasarkan aspirasi yang berkembang, sehingga tercipta bentuk Rajawali-Garuda Pancasila. Disingkat Garuda Pancasila. Presiden Soekarno kemudian menyerahkan rancangan tersebut kepada Kabinet RIS melalui Moh Hatta sebagai perdana menteri. AG Pringgodigdo dalam bukunya “Sekitar Pancasila” terbitan Dep Hankam, Pusat Sejarah ABRI menyebutkan, rancangan lambang negara karya Sultan Hamid II akhirnya diresmikan pemakaiannya dalam Sidang Kabinet RIS. Ketika itu gambar bentuk kepala Rajawali Garuda Pancasila masih “gundul” dan “tidak berjambul” seperti bentuk sekarang ini. Inilah karya kebangsaan anak-anak negeri yang diramu dari berbagai aspirasi dan kemudian dirancang oleh seorang anak bangsa, Sultan Hamid II Menteri Negara RIS.

Presiden Soekarno kemudian memperkenalkan untuk pertama kalinya lambang negara itu kepada khalayak umum di Hotel Des Indes Jakarta pada 15 Februari 1950. Penyempurnaan kembali lambang negara itu terus diupayakan. Kepala burung Rajawali Garuda Pancasila yang “gundul” menjadi “berjambul” dilakukan. Bentuk cakar kaki yang mencengkram pita dari semula menghadap ke belakang menjadi menghadap ke depan juga diperbaiki, atas masukan Presiden Soekarno. Tanggal 20 Maret 1950, bentuk final gambar lambang negara yang telah diperbaiki mendapat disposisi Presiden Soekarno, yang kemudian memerintahkan pelukis istana, Dullah, untuk melukis kembali rancangan tersebut sesuai bentuk final rancangan Menteri Negara RIS Sultan Hamid II yang dipergunakan secara resmi sampai saat ini.

Mitologi Garuda Yang menjadi Lambang Negara

Yang bs bkn garuda kliatan kuat dan sebagainya jdna garuda bisa jadi lambang negara kt n ternyata Thailand jg pke lambang Garuda 
Ni sejarahna Garuda
Garuda (Sanskerta: Garuḍa dan Bahasa Pāli Garula) adalah salah satu dewa dalam agama Hindu dan Buddha. Ia merupakan wahana Dewa Wisnu, salah satu Trimurti atau manifestasi bentuk Tuhan dalam agama Hindu. Garuda digambarkan bertubuh emas, berwajah putih, bersayap merah. Paruh dan sayapnya mirip elang, tetapi tubuhnya seperti manusia. Ukurannya besar sehingga dapat menghalangi matahari.

Bangsa Jepang juga mengenal Garuda, yang mereka sebut Karura. Di Thailand disebut sebagai Krut atau Pha Krut.

Garuda menurut Mitologi Hindu

Garuda adalah seekor burung mitologis, setengah manusia setengah burung, wahana Wisnu. Ia adalah raja burung-burung dan merupakan keturunan Kaśyapa dan Winatā, salah seorang putri Dakṣa. Ia musuh bebuyutan para ular, sebuah sifat yang diwarisinya dari ibunya, yang pernah bertengkar dengan sesama istri dan atasannya, yaitu Kadru, ibu para ular.

Sinar Garuda sangat terang sehingga para dewa mengiranya Agni (Dewa Api) dan memujanya. Garuda seringkali dilukiskan memiliki kepala, sayap, ekor dan moncong burung elang, dan tubuh, tangan dan kaki seorang manusia. Mukanya putih, sayapnya merah, dan tubuhnya berwarna keemasan.

Ia memiliki putera bernama Sempati (Sampāti) dan istrinya adalah Unnati atau Wināyakā. Menurut kitab Mahabharata, orang tuanya memberinya kebebasan untuk memangsa manusia, tetapi tidak boleh kaum brahmana. Suatu ketika, ia menelan seorang brahmana dan istrinya. Lalu tenggorokannya terbakar, kemudian ia muntahkan lagi.

Garuda dikatakan pernah mencuri amerta dari para dewa untuk membebaskan ibunya dari cengkeraman Kadru. Kemudian Indra mengetahuinya dan bertempur hebat dengannya. Amerta dapat direbut kembali, tetapi Indra luka parah dan kilatnya (bajra) menjadi rusak.

Indonesia

Thailand

harusnya kt bangga ama negara kita n usaha bwt yg terbaik bwt bangsa kt... Lambang kt Garuda.mstinya kt usaha bwt jd Garudad negara kt.... 

keajaiban dunia yang ada di indonesia

Memang Dunia ini selalu membuat kita tercengang akan kejadian Dan hasil Dari sebuah mahakarya yang begitu sempurna Dilihat, akan membuat kita bisa memikirkan bagaimana itu bisa terjadi untuk kita pelajari Dan akhirnya memanjatkan syukur kepada Tuhan atas semua kesempurnaan sebuah mahakarya. Dalam Dunia ini begitu banyak keajaiban yang menakjubkan. Seperti Ka'bah, Piramida, Menara Paris, Tembok China, Taj Mahal, Borobudur, Menara Condong Dan masih banyak lagi yang belum kita ketahui. Dan kali ini mari kita sedikit menelisik keajaiban apa saja yang ada Di negeri kita tercinta Indoensia. berikut adalah 10 keajaiban Dari sekian banyak keajaiban yang ada Di Indonesia Dan cukup terkenal hingga ke pelosok Dunia.

1. Borobudur

Candi Borobudur merupakan salah satu candi Budha terbesar Di Dunia. Candi ini Dibangun ketika Samaratungga – raja Dari Dinasti Syailendra memerintah Di Jawa Tengah. Candi ini Dianggap merupakan salah satu tujuh keajaiban Dunia. Candi Borobudur terletak Di Desa Borobudur, Magelang, Jawa Tengah. Candi Borobudur sangat besar Dan terdiri Dari blok batu-batu besar Dengan arsitektur yang sangat megah. Karena itu candi Borobudur saya tempatkan pada barisan pertama karena tingkat kesulitan pembuatannya.

2. Pulau Komodo

Pulau Komodo terletak Di sebuah selat antara Pulau Flores Di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) Dan Sumbawa Di Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Di Pulau Komodo terdapat kadal terbesar Di Dunia, yaitu biawak Komodo (Varanus komodoensis). Komodo Dipercaya sebagai sisa binatang purba Dinosaurus yang masih hidup. panjang komodo Dapat mencapai 3 meter Dengan berat bisa mencapai 140 kg. Pada peariran Di pulau Komodo juga terdapat perairan yang termasuk keajaiban Dunia bawah air. Dasar laut perairan Komodo adalah yang terbaik Di Dunia, Di permukaan laut menyembulnya Daratan-daratan kering yang berbukit karang. Sangat pantas pulau Komodo Dimasukan Dalam Daftar keajaiban Di Indonesia.

3. Danau tiga warna Kelimutu

Danau ini oleh Dunia Disebut sebagai salah satu Dari sembilan keajaiban Dunia. Danau tiga warna terletak Di Gunung Kelimutu, Flores,NTT. Di sana ada tiga Danau yang berdekatan namun Dengan warna-warna yang berbeda. Danau kawah tersebut adalah Tiwu Ata Polo (danau merah), Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Fai (danau hijau) Dan Tiwu Ata Mbupu (danau biru). Danau Kelimutu merupakan satu-satunya Danau Di Dunia yang airnya Dapat berubah setiap saat, Dari merah menjadi hijau tua Dan kemudian merah hati, hijau tua menjadi hijau muda, coklat kehitaman menjadi biru langit. Fenomena alam ini merupakan keajaiban.

4. Puncak Jayawijaya Dan Carstenz

Puncak yang juga terdaftar sebagai salah satu Dari tujuh puncak benua (Seven Summit) yang sangat fenomenal Dan menjadi incaran pendaki gunung Di berbagai belahan Dunia. Puncak Jayawijaya terletak Di Taman Nasional Laurentz, Papua. Puncak ini Diselimuti oleh salju abadi. Salju abadi Di Puncak Jayawijaya merupakan satu Dari tiga padang salju Di Daerah tropis yang terdapat Di Dunia.
Di negeri kita yang Dilalui garis khatulistiwa ini, menyaksikan adanya salju Di Indonesia tentunya sesuatu yang mustahil untuk bisa Dimengerti. Carstenz Pyramid (4884 mdpl) adalah salah satu puncak yang bersalju tersebut. Puncak tertinggi Di Asia Tenggara Dan Pasifik ini terletak Di rangkaian Pegunungan Sudirman. Puncak ini terkenal tidak hanya karena tingginya, tetapi juga karena terdapat lapisan salju Di puncaknya.

5. Prambanan

Candi Prambanan adalah candi Hindu terbesar Di Asia Tenggara. Candi Prambanan terletak Di perbatasan Jawa Tengah Dan Yogyakarta. Candi ini Dibangun pada sekitar tahun 850 Masehi. Arsitektur bangunan ini sangat megah Dan terdapat candi-candi baik besar maupun kecil pada Komplek Candi Prambanan ini. Juga ada legenda bahwa candi-candi tersebut hanya Dibuat Dalam satu malam saja oleh kesaktian Bandung bondowoso sebagai syarat mempersunting Loro Jonggrang. Tapi bukan karena legenda itu Prambanan Dimasukkan Dalam Daftar ini tapi karena kehebatan arsitekturnya yang memukau Dunia.

6. Pulau Bali

Pulau ini termasuk salah satu pulau terindah Di Dunia. Pulau Bali merupakan pulau wisata terbaik Di Dunia. Obyek-obyek wisata Di pulau Bali seperti Kintamani, Pantai Kuta, Danau Batur, Goa Gajah, Tampak Siring, Bedugul, Tanah Lot Dan sebagainya. Pulau ini Dimasukkan Dalam Daftar ini karena banyak tempat yang sangat menakjubkan Dengan arsitektur bangunan Dan keindahan alam Di pulau ini yang juga sudah Diakui Dunia.

7. Bromo

Gunung Bromo merupakan salah satu gunung Dari lima gunung yang terdapat Di komplek Pegunungan Tengger Di laut pasir. Daya tarik gunung ini adalah merupakan gunung yang masih aktif. Obyek wisata Gunung Bromo ini merupakan fenomena alam Dengan Kekhasan gejala alam yang tidak Ditemukan Di tempat lain adalah adanya kawah Di tengah kawah (creater in the creater) Dengan hamparan laut pasir yang mengelilinginya.

8. Toraja

Toraja terletak Sulawesi Selatan. Tanah Toraja sangatlah unik, terutama Dalam hal penguburan mayat. Mayat-mayat tidak Dikubur, tetapi Diletakkan Di Dalam gua-gua Di bukit batu. Mayat-mayat ini Ditemani oleh patung-patung yang menggambarkan orang yang meninggal tersebut. Di sini terdapat kuburan Di bukit batu. Salah satu bentuk kuburan adalah kuburan batu yang Dibuat Di bagian atas tebing Di ketinggian bukit batu. Menurut kepercayaan animisme Aluk To Dolo Di kalangan orang Tana Toraja, makin tinggi tempat Ditaruhnya mayat tersebut makin cepat rohnya bertemu Dengan Tuhan atau surga.

9. Krakatau

Gunung Krakatau yang letusannya pernah mengguncangkan bumi. Gunung berapi ini pernah meletus pada tanggal 26 Agustus 1883. Letusannya sangat Dahsyat Dan juga menimbulkan tsunami yang menewaskan sekitar 36.000 jiwa.
Suara letusan gunung Krakatau sampai terdengar Di Alice Springs, Australia Dan pulau Rodrigues Dekat Afrika. Gunung Krakatau berada Di Selat Sunda antara pulau Jawa Dan Sumatra. Bahkan Debunya Dikatakan sampai ke luar angkasa. Walaupun Krakatau sudah tidak berbahaya seperti Dulu lagi (mudah-mudahan) tapi sejarahnya merupakan salah satu keajaiban alam tersendiri.

di kutip dari : http://www.klikunic.com/2011/03/10-keajaiban-dunia-yang-ada-di.html#ixzz1fuqWyyIo

Polri Putuskan Nasib Briptu Norman

Jakarta - Setelah sidang etik Profesi dan Disipilin terkait kejelasan karier Briptu Norman ditunda, maka persidangan akan direncanakan pada hari ini, Selasa (6/12/2011).

Alasan penundaan persidangan etik tersebut lantaran pimpinan sidang akan menghadiri pemakaman anggota polisi di Papua yang tewas dan dimakamkan di Gorontalo.

”Jadinya sidang tidak dilaksanakan hari ini,“ ucap Kabid Humas Polda Gorontalo, AKBP Lisma Dunggio, Jakarta, Senin (5/12/2011) kemarin.

Menurutnya, kehadiran Norman tidak akan menjadi kendala pembacaan putusan sidang, pasalnya, ini panggilan ketiga kalinya kepada yang bersangkutan. Oleh sebab itu, jika Norman tidak juga kunjung hadir, maka pihaknya akan tetap membacakan putusan sidang.

”Tapi kita harap dia tetap datang untuk menghormati sidang. Tapi kalau tetap tidak datang, akan tetap dibacakan putusannya,“ ucapnya.

Dalam pertimbangan sidang lanjutnya, kemungkinan pelantun tembang India ini akan dikenakan PTDH atau diberhentikan tidak dengan hormat.

”Utamanya karena dia telah mangkir dari tugas. Selain itu dia juga belum menjalani masa dinas minimal anggota polisi,“ tegasnya.

berita ambruknya jembatan kartanegara

TENGGARONG- Satu lagi mayat korban ambruknya jembatan Kertanegara di Tenggarong, Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur kembali berhasil ditemukan Tim Search And Rescue, Sabtu (3/12). Ini merupakan korban ke-21 yang berhasil dievakuasi setelah ambruknya jembatan, Sabtu pekan lalu.
Kepala SAR Perwakilan Kalimantan Timur, Harmoniadi, mengungkapkan, "Mayat berhasil ditemukan sekitar 3 kilometer ke arah hilir dari runtuhnya jembatan, di sekitar Kecamatan Loa Kulu," Saat dievakuasi, mayat sudah tidak bisa dikenali wajahnya. Tubuhnya bengkak dengan isi perut terburai. Mayat ditemukan mengapung di dekat kapal tongkang.
Mayat yang sudah membusuk itu diketahui berjenis kelamin mayat laki-laki. Mengenakan kaos dalam warna putih. Saat ditemukan korban sudah tidak mengenakan celana.
"Memakai jam tangan dan kalung," kata Ambriani, petugas jaga di pos Dissaster Victim Identivication (DVI) Polda Kalimantan Timur.
Hingga kini korban yang dilaporkan hilang 16 orang. Seluruh jenazah dievakuasi ke Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah AM Parikesit Tenggarong untuk proses identifikasi. Jembatan Kertanegara ambruk pada Sabtu, 26 November 2011, sekitar pukul 16.30 WITA. Kejadian ini mengakibatkan puluhan orang tewas dan terluka.

history of the world swimming

Swimming has been known since pre-historic times. From the pictures that come from the discovery of a stone age caves for the swimmers near Wadi Sora southwest Egypt. In Japan, bathing is the ability to be possessed by the samurai. History records, the first pool match held by the Emperor Suigui in 36 BC.

Pool matches for the title has been started in Europe about 1800 and mostly using breaststroke. Freestyle was first introduced by Arthur Trudgen. This force then began to be combined with the kicking leg styles by Richard Cavill in 1902. In the Middle Ages, including swimming in the seven skills that must be owned by the knights, including swimming with weapons.

Sports pool was first contested in modern Olympic Games 1896 in Athens, Greece. At these Olympics, only four numbers which contested the six numbers from the original plan. Each of these is the 100 meters, 500 meters, 1,200 meters, free numbers, and 100 meters for the sailors. Second Olympics held in Paris, France in 1900 and bring into the 200 m, 1,000 m, 4,000 m, free number, 200 m breaststroke, and 200 m team event number.

Unity Centre International (Federation Internationale De De Natation Amateur / FINA) was formed in 1908 originally set, butterfly style is a variation of the breaststroke. This new style into a separate style in 1952. The new woman allowed to take part in the Olympic pool match in 1912 in Stockholm, The Netherlands.

Freestyle, which was then called the trudgen, introduced in 1973 by John Arthur Trudgen, copying from the Native Americans. Swimming was part of the first modern Olympic games in Athens in 1896. In 1902 the trudgen updated by Richard Cavill, using the jolt shook. In 1908, the world swimming association, the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA / Federation Internationale de Natation de Amateur) was formed. Butterfly style first is a variation of the breaststroke, until finally he was accepted as a separate style in 1952.

Modern Olympic Era after 1896

Olympic Games held in 1896 in Athens. Specific competition of men (see also swimming in the summer Olympics in 1896). Six matches have been planned, but only four were actually held: 100 m, 500 m and 1200 m freestyle and 100 m for sailors. The first gold medal was won by Alfred Hajos of Hungary with a time of 1:22:20 for the 100 m freestyle.

Hajos won the game also 1200 m, and unable to win at 500 m, which was won by Paul Neumann of Australia. Another swimming competition of 100m for sailors included three Greek sailors in the Bay of Zea near Piraeus, starting with a boat oar. The winner was Ioannis Malokinis with a record time of two minutes and 20 seconds. 1500 m race was also held.

In 1897 Capt. Henry Sheffield make cans rescuer or rescue cylinder, now known as rescue aids in Baywatch. Rolled edges make it faster on the surface of water, although it could cause injury. The second Olympic Games held in Paris in 1900 featuring 200 m, 1000 m and 4000 m freestyle, 200 m backstroke, and 200 m race team (see also Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics).

There were two additional unusual swimming match (although it is quite common at that time), implementation constraints swimming in the river Seine (swim with the flow), and swimming races in the water. 4000 m the style of what was won by John Arthur Jarvis with a record time of under an hour, the longest Olympic swimming perlombangan ever held. Backstroke was also introduced at the Olympic Games in Paris, as well as with water polo. Osborne Swimming Club from Manchester beat club teams from Belgium, France and Germany with great ease.

Trudgen style developed by the teacher pool and English descent named Australian swimmer Richard (Fred, Frederick) Cabill. Like Trudgen, he noticed natives of the Solomon Islands, using front crawl. But unlike Trudgen, he noticed fluttering kicks, and study it carefully. He uses this new jolt shook from the force of the chest or scissor kick Trudgen.

He uses this movement in 1902 at the International Championships in England to create a new world record by swimming outside the force carried by all Trudgen swimmers at 100 yards with a time of 0:58.4 (some sources say that it was his son in a record time 0 : 58.8). he taught this style to his six children, each would become championship swimmers.

The technique became known as freestyle Australia until 1950, when he shortened to just freestyle, a technique known as front crawl. Olympics in 1904 in St. Louis included races 50 yards, 100 yards, 220 yards, 440 yards, 880 yards and one mile freestyle, 100-yard backstroke and 440 yard breaststroke, and 4 * 50-yard freestyle relay (see also pool the 1904 Summer Olympics ).

This race is to distinguish between style chest with freestyle, so now there are two styles defined (breaststroke and backstroke) and freestyle, where most people swam Trudgen style. It also describes the race for the long jump competition, where the distance without swimming, after jumping into the swimming pool was measured.

In 1907 the swimmer Annette Kellerman from Australia visited the United States as an "underwater ballerina", another version of the alignment of swimming, diving into glass tanks. He was arrested for exposing things that are not polite, which appeared swimsuit arms, legs and neck.

Kellerman changed bathing into a long-sleeved shirt, pants that are longer, and the collar, while still maintaining the tight clothes that reveal body shape underneath. She later starred in several films, one about his personal life. In 1908, the world swimming association of the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA / Federation Internationale de Natation de Amateur) was formed.

Along with the development of the sports pool, swimming is becoming more popular. Growing pool of fans. In fact, often the children are taught swimming at a very early age.

historical origins of the world football

History of Football - soccer game is one of the sport worldwide. Men, women, children and even grandparents all love football. Many of them assume that the beginning of the history of English football came from, but it was noted that the history of football games have been around 3000 years ago in various parts of the world in different forms. However, talking history beginning until the emergence of football is still contentious. Because there is some document that explains the game of football has been around since Roman times and so forth. But officially the beginning of the football game was born from mainland China, it is stated by FIFA as world football's governing body, which originated from the Chinese community games in the 2nd century until the 3rd century BC, where the sport is known by the name "thu-shu". In another document the history of football comes from the land of Japan, since the 8th century Japanese society has come to know the game of football. From various statements about the origins of the history of sport soccer is clear from past and present football game played by two teams, each with a team of eleven people.

In the game of football there are different rules, goal games, game tactics and so forth. As noted in the wikipedia, there are some things we can learn in a football game of them are:
1. Football Rules
2. Destination Football Games
3. Game tactics Football
4. Official
5. Regulation
6. Referee as official timers
7. Trial use of Gol Gol Gold and Silver
8. International Championship of
9. Mini world cup (cup confederations)
10. Football in Indonesia
11. Organization
1. REGULATION
Official Rules football game (Laws of the Game) are:
- Rule 1: The soccer field
- Rule 2: The ball
- Rule 3: Number of Players
- Rule 4: Equipment Players
- Rule 5: The referee who set the match
- Rule 6: Assistant referees
- Rule 7: Old Games
- Rule 8: Ball In and Out in the Field
- Rule 9: Ways to Get Numbers
- Rule 10: Offside
- Rule 11: Violations
- Rule 12: Free kick
- Rule 13: Kicking
- Rule 14: Pitch in
- Rule 15: kick goal
In addition to the above regulations internationally, the decisions of the Regional Football Association Board (IFAB) others also add rules in football.
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2. GOALS SOCCER GAME
Two teams, each consisting of 11 people fighting to put a round ball into the opponent's goal ("scoring"). The team that scored more goals is the winner (usually within 90 minutes, but there are other ways to determine the winner if a tie). added time will be held 2x 15 minutes and in added time when the result is still the series will be held on penalties to each team will be given five times the chance to kick the ball towards goal from the penalty spot inside the goalkeeper area until the results can be determined. Regulation of the most important in achieving this goal are the players (except goalkeeper) must not touch the ball with their hands while he remains in the game.

3. TACTICS SOCCER GAME
Tactics commonly used by soccer clubs are as follows:
1. 4-4-2 (classical: four players behind / skipper)
2. 4-4-2 (with two wing midfielders)
3. 4-4-1-1 (two pairs of wing midfielders, one attacking midfielder and striker only)
4. 4-2-4 (2 wings)
5. 4-3-2-1 (three central midfielders, 2 attacking midfielders and a lone striker)
6. 4-3-1-2 (four defenders, three defensive midfielders, 1 attacker hole, 2 strikers)
7. 4-5-1 (four defenders, two wings, three midfielders, 1 striker)
8. 4-3-3 (four defenders, three defensive midfielders, 2 strikers wings, a central striker)
9. 4-2-3-1 (two central defenders, two wing-back, 2 winger, a striker hole, a striker)
10. 4-3-3 (2-back wings, two central defenders, two wings, one defensive midfielders, three strikers middle)
11. 4-1-4-1 (4 defender, a defensive midfielder, four midfielders, 1 striker)
12. 3-4-3 (a winger)
13. 3-5-2 (with a libero / sweeper)
14. 3-5-2 (without libero / sweeper)
15. 3-6-1
16. 5-4-1
Tactics used by a team of ever-changing depending on the condition that occurs during the game progresses. In essence there are three tactics that are used, namely: Survive, Attack, and Normal.

4. Official
A match was ruled by a referee who has "full authority to run the game according to Game Rules in a match that has diutuskan him" (Rule 5), and the decisions that the issuance of the game is considered final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees (formerly called the judge / linesman). In many games the referee also helped a fourth official who can replace the other if an official diperlukan.selain they also need tools to help the game such as:
1. board replacement players
2. tables and chairs

5. SOCCER RULES
5.1 Field game
1. Size: length x width 64-75 m 100-110 m
2. The boundary line: the line width ... cm, which touch on the side line, goal line at the ends, and the transverse center of the field; ... m the middle circle: there is no barrier or wall board
3. The penalty area: arc measuring 18 m of each post
4. Penalty line: ... m from the midpoint of the goal line
5. The second penalty line: ... m from the midpoint of the goal line
6. Zone change: ... m area (... m on each side of the halfway line) on the grandstand side of the throwing
7. Wicket: width 7 m high x 2.5 m
8. Surface area of ​​throwing: smooth, flat, and no abrasive

The ball 5.2
1. Size: 68-70 cm
2. Circumference: 10 cm
3. Weight: 410-450 grams
4. Flank: 1000 cm on first bounce
5. Material: rubber or synthetic rubber (artificial)

5.3 Team
1. Maximum number of players to start the game: 11, one goalkeeper
2. Maximum number of players out of the field (not including injuries): 4
3. Reserve the maximum number of players: 12
4. Number of referees: 1
5. Number of judges line: 2-4
6. Limit the number of substitutions: 3 except the match trials

5.4 Equipment game
1. Numbered shirts (since 1954)
2. Shorts
3. Sock
4. Shin guards
5. Bersolkan rubber footwear

5.5 Old games
1. Old Normal: 2 × 45 min
2. Long break: 15 minutes
3. Long extension of time: 2 × 15 minutes (if the result is still a draw after 2 x 45 minutes of normal time)
4. There are penalties if the serial number of the team's second goal during extra-time finish.
5. Time-outs: 1 per team per round; not in the extra time
6. The turn round time: maximum 15 minutes

6. SOCCER REFEREE
Referee who led the match and assisted a number 1 person 2 people as a linesman. Then the referee assisted backup help in case of substitutions and announced additional time. At the 2006 World Cup, officials used the fifth. The use of two referees had tried in the copa italia.Penggunaan 4 linesman reportedly also attempted in 2010 World Cup, where 2 of them were behind the goal.

7. TRIAL USE OF GOLD AND SILVER GOL
In the late 1990s, the IFAB trying to make the game more likely to end without requiring a penalty shootout, which is often regarded as less precise way to end the game. An example is the silver goal system that ended the game when a goal scored in extra time of the first, and the golden goal that ended the game when a goal scored in the second overtime. Both of these systems has been discontinued by the IFAB.

8. MAJOR INTERNATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS
Largest international championship soccer World Cup is organized by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association. The World Cup is held every four years. More than 190 national team to compete in regional qualifying tournaments for a place in the finals. The tournament final that lasted for four weeks now involves 32 national team (up from 24 in 1998).
Major international championship in each continent are:
- Europe: European Cup or known by the name of Euro
- South America: Copa América
- Africa: Africa Cup of Nations
- Asia: Asia Cup
- North America: CONCACAF Gold Cup
- Oceania: Oceania Cup

9. MINI WORLD CUP (Confederations Cup)
The biggest event the club level in Europe is the Champions League, while in South America is the Copa Libertadores. In Asia, the Asian Champions League is the biggest club tournament level. Soccer was played in the Olympics since 1900. (Except at the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles). Initially this is only for amateur players only, but since Los Angeles 1984 Olympics professional players also began to come into play, with rules that prevented states rather than play their strongest team.

At this time, the Olympic tournament for men is the U-23 tournament which may ditamnbahi 3 players above the age. Consequently, this tournament does not have international interests and prestige similar to the World Cup, or even with the Euro, Copa America or Africa Cup of Nations. In contrast, the Olympic tournament for the women carry almost the same prestige as the FIFA Women's World Cup; tournament played by international teams is complete without age restrictions.

10. SOCCER IN INDONESIA
Game of football in Indonesia is also developing rapidly. This is marked by the establishment of Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) in 1930 in Yogyakarta, which is chaired by Soeratin Sosrosoegondo. In appreciation of his services, starting in 1966 Cup soccer championship held Soeratin (Soeratin Cup) soccer championship that is the level of teenage cadets. At this time a football game loved by almost all walks of life in Indonesia.

11. Football ORGANIZATION
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) (the world)
- UEFA (Europe)
- CONMEBOL (Latin America)
- CONCACAF (American)
- AFC (Asia)
- CAF (Africa)
- OFC (Oceania)

HISTORY OF MULTIMEDIA IN INDONESIA OR IN THE WORLD

In early 1993, Satelindo is the first private company jump on the satellite services business by launching Palapa C1.Palapa C1 and C2 will last up to 14 years old.These satellites have been used extensively by several countries in ASEAN.Indonesia, among others, use it for communication services managed by Telkom and Indosat, as well as for television broadcast service 5 private TV and TVRI.Even used for a 5-channel direct broadcast satellite TV Indovision (Direct Broadcasting Satellite) which is now digital-quality (19 channels).Even the middle of November, PT.Media Citra Indostar has CAKRAWARTA-1 satellite launched to replace the Palapa C2 satellite work in the airing broadcasts Indovision.With this satellite service Indovision future will hold what could be called interactive services, because it will be available among other teleconference services, Video on Demand (VoD), home shopping, home banking and data communications (Internet).There are two other new multimedia company that will soon operate a fiber optic cable networks, namely PT Indonusa Telemedia and Multimedia Nusantara.Other multimedia companies are: PT Multi Media Asia Indonesia, PT Yasawirya Tama Notices.So that Indonesia may have entered the era now called the multimedia industry
Although multimedia services have been operated in Indonesia, but the terminology of their own multimedia yet familiar with the people of Indonesia.Multimedia is more familiar understood as a technological achievement in personal computers (PCs).If a so-called multimedia PC, the PC does have the ability to display moving pictures and sound, for example of the Video Compact Disc, Compact Disc Audio, and able to communicate between computers or computer network via a modem.
Though multimedia has a broader meaning.Multimedia is the integration of information technology (eg computers) and communications technology (eg coaxial cable network or satellite).When separated according to the etymology of the word multimedia and multi-media.Multi means varied, while the media is a means of information delivery.
Meanwhile, according to Revelation Wijayadi in a paper at a seminar organized by Indosat, entitled''Development of Multimedia Technology and its Implementation'', multimedia consists of (1) elements of sound, (2) elements of a picture or video, (3) elements of the text / data, (4).integrated in a single medium for the delivery, (5).Interactive / not a one-way information.While the types of multimedia services consist of two, which is a stand alone (stand alone / off line), and connected with the telecommunications network (network-online).
Many new developments after the launch of the Palapa C1 & C2 a few years ago.Ditaburkannya such as communication satellites in the sky to Indonesia by foreign companies in Indonesia where many businessmen involved in the ownership of shares in it, among which are PT.Bakri Communication Corporation in Irridium Project, a satellite phone world to solve the problem of blank spots on ordinary mobile phones, AMPS or GSM.Indosat also entered into a consortium of investors in ICO Global Communications (ICO-GC), a satellite phone after Irridium.
While in other parts of the world, Microsoft with several companies in the industry also has penetrated the other satellite communication services, such as internet, video conferencing or video on demand.The project is known today is CyberStar or "Internet in Space" that may be providing services in Indonesia.
In addition to politics, too, turned out to businesses to develop multimedia in Indonesia.Since the election a few months ago PT.Telkom hope no one else in Indonesia districts that can not be reached by telephone with satellite technology VSAT (very small aperture terminal).Unfortunately the facilities already owned was not functioning at the time of famine and forest fires in Indonesia.For some reason ....
SOURCES OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE
To anticipate the coming of this era, I present this homepage, contains a collection of information on multimedia developments in Indonesia and in the world in general this homepage can be called the only one that specifically talks about multimedia.On the homepage there are many links to sites related to multimedia, so it can be relied upon for those who want to see the development of multimedia from time to time.
Article or articles about multimedia admittedly very rare, even in big newspapers like Kompas, Republika and Voice Reform.In fact we do not have a magazine or periodical specifically presents the development of the multimedia industry in Indonesia, such as those published in other states.Yet the news about the multimedia business activities often arise.It describes the rampant growth of multimedia business in Indonesia.Apparently this area is less intellectually ogled by academics.Or conversely means the akademisinya already plunged directly into multimedia practitioners in multimedia companies and did not get to share this knowledge to the public.Sharing Though the development of multimedia information to the public will stimulate the development of the multimedia industry.
The share ENTREPRENEURS
If what Peter Gontha've done so far, namely to develop multimedia plunge in Indonesia, followed by many other businessmen of course we can hope that the era of information in Indonesia can be more quickly approached.Although the Indonesian government does not like the Government of Malaysia has launched a national program in particular, the Multimedia Super Corridor, it is enough to have Peter Gontha Indonesia, Abu Rizal Bakri, Youk Tansil and even Sudwikatmono (without reducing my respect to people who actively developing multimedia in Indosatand Telkom) as a multimedia pioneer and fighter development in Indonesia.So that we can optimistic that Indonesia's future will be better than now.Since that time all people can achieve either one side of the multimedia that provide equal opportunity for everyone to educate themselves through providing access to the information-access area of ​​the sky as one of the places where the multimedia infrastructure is placed.
Indeed, I must say that all current multimedia services are not always profitable business.An example is the satellite television service Indovision as one of multimedia services.This business in Indonesia is less sharpening marketing strength, so the service becomes very exclusive Indovision.There are a million satellite dishes scattered across Indonesia are expected to switch to Indovision at the launch of the first Indovision.Meanwhile, the behavior of viewers at that time not familiar with the habit of pay TV broadcasts and events that are 100% foreign (English only).Indovision until now still need more on efforts to get as many customers as hoped.Although Indovision customer growth is relatively slow, but Indovision has opened the way for other Pay TV companies to get involved in this industry.So that other companies will be more easily enter the market that has been formed to receive pay TV broadcasts and foreign programs, whatever the system and its technology.
MULTIMEDIA AND HUMAN CIVILIZATION
Ten years ago the needs of the telecommunications equipment such as telephones do not like now, especially in big cities.As more and more jammed streets and seem increasingly shorter time, communication by telephone becomes an inevitable requirement to remain fluent in performing daily activities.Whereas ten years ago that few are aware that the phone is an absolute necessity in the next 10 years in the big cities.Similarly, the existence of the Personal Computer (PC) is now like audio equipment or a color TV systems in homes in 10 years ago.Or now needs access to the Internet for offices in order to not cut off from the trend of the field that they do and to get an e-mail service which began to replace the fax machine.Slowly but surely interractive data communication services such as Internet history it will repeat the same for phone or PC several years ago.It is already apparent from the efforts that have been done to develop this service.An example is the WEB TV that has now been marketed.WEB TV is the internet service through the TV rather than via a PC.By adding some additional equipment, modems, remote control or keyboard and connected by telephone line or microwave antenna / satellite TV then be used to as a display monitor to surf the worldwide information network of the Internet.Imagine that moment in which the mother-housewife scoured the internet to shop for fashion, food, travel services, weather forecasts and even others.There will also be unfolding everywhere efforts are partly based home run by housewives, such as computer services, buying and selling goods, graphic design, architecture, health, counseling, child care which can be controlled through a network of multimedia and others.
Multimedia developments in recent years has spawned a timid question, namely what happens to the restrictions on access to information and freedom of expression is first applied?Must diakkui, slowly, the glow of the progress of multimedia technology, especially from 5 private TV broadcast has mempurukkan restrictions.So the next question is: where are the development of multimedia the next 5 years?Or: where are the direction of human civilization?The answer will probably depend on where we are directing.
HUMAN RESOURCES TO SUPPORT MULTIMEDIA INDUSTRY
The development of such a rapid multimedia industry should be supported by the availability of human resources in Indonesia is competitive, so it is not soft land invaded by foreign workers who have too much to break out in Indonesia.Falls in the field of multimedia technology is a new profession that is needed at the present and future.Strong imagination is required in this field to be able to imagine, seeing the potential, creating what is not unimaginable by most people today.
Business development of the multimedia industry in Indonesia needs more people like that to prepare the way towards a new human civilization in the future.They are not only the conglomerates are easy for him to plunge into any industry.But without the support of qualified human resources, what is meant

Read more: http://www.bukisa.com/articles/608443_history-of-multimedia-in-indonesia-or-in-the-world#ixzz1eKF7lg2X